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氣候系統	地貌系統	生態系統	人與環境	農業系統	工業系統	城市景觀

自然景觀
天氣系統

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
NLCS1	What is the relationship between energy and the wavelength of radiation? What type of energy is emitted from the sun? Describe how radiation comes into the Earth, how it goes out, and how it interacts with the atmosphere. (You do not need to quote the percentages of each energy disposition, just concentrate on the pathways and what happens to the radiation.)
NLCS2	Describe and explain the thermal and precipitation regimes that characterize the equatorial climate. How do these broad climatic characteristics be modified to produce various local climates?
NLCS3	With appropriate examples, discuss in what ways the global atmospheric circulation may not be adequately explained by the tri-cellular circulation model.
NLCS4	Name and define the greenhouse gases. Include in your discussion: sources, both natural and human-induced sources, which gases are increasing and why, and possible environmental consequences relating to the increase in quantity of the gases in the atmosphere.
NLCS6	Outline the flow of water between earth and atmosphere. Discuss the conditions leading to condensation. Why does condensation frequently occur in Hong Kong ?
NLCS7	Draw a diagram to illustrate the vertical change in temperature away from the Earth's surface all the way to the top of the atmosphere. Label each of the layers. From where is energy derived at each of the layers? How does this allow us to explain the vertical change in temperature?
2004Q1	Describe the formation of air masses. With reference to specific examples, discuss the relationship between air masses and monsoons. Using South China as an example, explain the changes in weather conditions in four seasons associated with different air masses and monsoons.
NLCS11	描述及解釋北半球的大氣環流狀況和氣候形成的關係。試述環流在 (a) 季節和 (b) 陸地、海洋影響下呈現的變化和因應產生的氣候。
NotesCS01	筆記大氣環流圖:5 頁：10 字數：6890

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地貌系統

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
NLLS1	Contrast the characteristics of the oceanic ridges and major terrestrial mountain ranges. Using appropriate examples, discuss how the characteristics of these tectonic features support the theory of plate tectonics. Explain the forces that drive the crustal plate.
NLLS2	Describe and account for the characteristics on the operation of the water cycle in a river basin of desert landscapes.
NLLS3	Describe and account for the characteristics on the operation of the water cycle in a river basin of tropical rainforest landscapes.
NLLS4	Describe how the characteristics of river channels change as stream order increases.
NLLS5	In what ways granite is weathered mechanically, where does each process dominate, and what sort of landscape results?
NLLS6	`A stream varies in velocity along its course. The factors causing these variations are many. Gradient is by no means the only factor causing changes in velocity.' Describe and explain how the speed of flow varies from the headwater to the mouth of the river.
NLLS7	How environmental factors affect weathering in a tropical rain forest landscape? How are the minerals in the original granite altered by chemical weathering?
NLLS8	Describe how water is involved in mass wasting and slope development. With reference to humid tropical areas and tropical deserts, compare and contrast the relative importance of water on the slope processes acting on each environment and the resulted slope form.
2004Q2	Using two sets of annotated diagrams, illustrate the slope development of a tropical humid region and a tropical arid region respectively. How do different slope processes change the slope form in the tropical humid region? Using appropriate examples to support your answer.
NLLS10	很多地形都是多源的：它們的起源基於多種不同作用。再者，這些作用經常隨着時間而改變，以致個別地形經歷多次發展循環。根據河盆的發育，描述並解釋那些塑造地形的多源因素。評估時間對地形發育的影響。
NLLS11	長期以來，人們為了防洪、發電、灌溉、供水及航運等目的，建設了大量的水利工程，為人類社會帶來了巨大的利益。但是，由於忽視了河流生態系統健康的需求，這些工程設施對河流生態系統形成了不同程度的脅迫 ,導致河流生態系統的不同程度的退化。闡述水利工程對河流生態系統產生的負面影響。提出進行河流生態恢復的可行方法。
Notes_LS SNWT_china	筆記：南水北調儘管南水北調工程現在一切都進入了啟動階段，然而，圍繞其產生的爭議卻一直不斷。本文蒐集該工程的背景資料和工程綱要。重點是支持和反對此水利工程的各方意見和理據，讓同學自行判斷及有資料應付不同的題問。字數：約6000 頁： 7 圖： 3

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生態系統

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
NLBS1	Salinization is a common soil process in arid regions, but it is now also found in semi-arid regions. Describe and explain the process of salinization. Evaluate the relative importance of physical and human factors in contributing to this soil process in semi-arid regions. Cite examples.
NLBS2	Plants living in arid and semi-arid regions must have special adaptations surviving the lack of water. Adaptations are necessary to improve the plants acquisition of the scarce water resource, to increase the efficient use of water, or to enable the plant to store water. Describe the physiological and morphological features of desert vegetations developed under these drought resisting strategies.
NLBS3	`Light, space and nutrients from soil help to determine the make-up of the forest community of tropical rain forest.' Discuss
NLBS4	Describe the physical conditions under which tropical rainforests develop. What characteristics have enabled the vegetation to be identified as the climatic climax vegetation in these regions? Explain why sub-climax vegetation is to be found in some locations.
NLBS5	‘Latosol is a red soil characterized by low silica/sesquioxide ratios of the clay fractions, low base exchange capacity, low activity of the clay, low content of most primary minerals, low contents of soluble constituents.’ With reference to the above description, explain the properties possessed by latosols and why this ‘poor’ soil supports the world’s most luxuriant vegetation.
2004Q3	With reference to specific areas in the tropics, illustrate how climate produces distinct soil characteristics in arid and humid regions. To what extent do soils in the tropics restrict agricultural activities in the areas?
NLBS7	『熱帶雨林是一個充滿獨特面貌的植物群落。近這半個世紀，人類對雨林管理不善使雨林面貌與本初的狀況己不再相同。』試闡述人類活動如何導致雨林景貌的改變。
NotesBS halophytes	筆記鹽害與植物的抗鹽性字： 3500 頁：4 圖： 4

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人與環境

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
ML1	The tropical rainforest is often currently described as the ‘fragile ecosystem’. Explain. What types of human activities are threatening the rainforest ecosystem in the last decade? Discuss how ecosystem fragility has changed the attitude of economic development of the rainforests.
ML2	Describe the main characteristics of shifting cultivation. Refer to an area where shifting cultivation is practiced, suggest possible reasons for fallow periods being reduced.
ML3	Distinguish the difference between the processes of desertisation and desertification. Explain why the Sahel area is particularly vulnerable to both types of desert advance.
ML4	Using a specific example, identify and explain the reasons for current large scale deforestation of the rainforest. Explain why we will all suffer in the end from the destruction of this biota.
ML5	Desertification is principally caused by growing imbalances in the desert-margin ecosystems. With reference to a specific area, explain how the processes of desertification can be arrested and evaluate the effectiveness of these measures.
ML6	Desert reclamation is a possible way to put the desert area under productive use. With reference to a particular arid area, explain why and how man has organized the water resources and contributed to its agricultural development.
2004Q4	Biodiversity loss, a term that refers to the loss of number, variety and variability of living organisms, has become a much-debated environmental issue in recent times. Referring to the tropical rainforest environment, identify the major causes of biodiversity loss in recent times and explain how local governments and international organizations may help control the rate of the loss. Do you think the loss of biodiversity is simply the price we pay for economic growth? Justify your answer with appropriate examples.
ML8	有說薩赫勒區的乾旱是由於連串的生物地球物理反饋所至。解釋地表特性的改變會如何導致該區熱通量﹐雲量和降雨量的變異。為何這論據不能全面解釋薩赫勒區的沙漠化。

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農業景觀

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
FL1	Over two decades ago during the Green Revolution, the seeds of the high yielding varieties of crops (HYVs) had appeared as a great new hope for the farmers of Asian countries. But in more recent years, this hope has been killed to a large extent, especially in the case of rice cultivation, by an emerging agro-ecological crisis. Discuss
FL2	Describe the advantages on the use of synthetic fertilizers in modern industrial agriculture. Analyze the sustainability of synthetic fertilizers. In addition, suggest "more sustainable" fertilization methods and explain why they would be more sustainable.
FL3	The rapid spread of HYV rice that took place in Asian countries was accompanied by changes in cropping patterns. Discuss
FL4	‘The process of globalization,in which countries move from closed market systems to more open ones, is associated not only with trade and market liberalization, but also with transformation of the farming practices which leads to drastic impacts in world’s farming system.’ Discuss
FL5	“It is rainfall, and not temperature, soils and relief which exert the greatest influence on Agriculture in the tropics.” Evaluate the relevance of the above statement with reference to any particular region you have studied.
FL6	Why did HYV rice produce higher yields? Discuss the difficulties encountered in implementing the technology to the less developed countries. What attempts can be made to alleviate these difficulties?
FL7	‘Consistent land-use patterns are being formed around urban areas in more industrialized parts of the world by forces other than those identified by von Thunen. (R.Sinclair) Discuss the validity of the statement in the light of changing technological and institutional forces, using specific examples of farming areas.
FL8	Explain why we need to increase farm production both in productivity per farmer and per land unit. How can increased production be achieved with the use of machines and biotechnology. Citing examples, discuss the limitations of these farming methods.
FL9	With reference to an area you have studied, discuss how the farmer's use of technology helps to overcome problems occurring in nature that have once made their farming unsuccessful. What are the ecological impacts on the environment after farmers adopted these technologies.
FL10	Improvements in the communication network between urban and rural areas seem to have strengthened the agricultural base in some countries, but weaken it in others. Citing appropriate examples, describe and explain the effects of such improvements in communication networks on agricultural communities in the rural-urban fringe.
FL11	Select a region of your choice; examine the inference of von Thunen's model in explaining agricultural land uses. (This answer uses case example: farming in NSW, Australia)
FL12	Select a region of your choice; examine the inference of von Thunen's model in explaining agricultural land uses. (This answer uses case example: farming zones around Shanghai, China)
FL13	Discuss the impact of wet-rice cultivation on the organization and functioning of the ecosystem in which such farming is practised.
FL14	Using Sinclair’s model, describe and explain how urban development affects farm production and land use around a city. In what ways may urbanization not lead to a change in farming intensity as Sinclair has suggested?
2004Q5	Modern commercial farmers have to respond to non-economic as well as economic situations. It seems that economic situations have more influence on the farming landscape and practices. With reference to commercial farming, explain the impact of climatic changes and economic fluctuations on farming practices. Discuss the farmers’ responses and assess their effectiveness. (case example used in this answer: Wheat-sheep farming in NSW, Australia)
2004Q6	The gradual outward spread of the city is deadly in its impact on pre-existing agricultural systems, social structures and lifestyles. What are the direct consequences of urbanization on nearby rural land use? What other indirect impacts would urban encroachment have on the nearby rural area? Discuss the role of government in influencing the development of the rural-urban fringe.
2004Q7	Explain why famine is usually associated with the less developed semi-arid regions. What long-term government policies can be implemented in less developed countries in order to solve the problem? Illustrate your answers with appropriate examples.
FL17 2004Q5	現代營商農民對非經濟性及經濟性處境作出回應經濟性處境對農業景觀和其運作似乎有較多影響。以商業性農業為例解釋氣候轉變和經濟波動對農業運作的影響討論農民的回應辦法及評估它們的有效性。
FL18	可持續的農業是不該引致嚴重污染，資源枯竭和景觀受摧毀。引用例子，試述在發達國家中的現代化農業已如何導致上述的環境問題出現。有甚麼方法可以使農業可永續並能減低對環境的威脅。
FL19	在發達國家從事農業的人愈來愈少，小農埸漸被大型企業農埸取代。試述企業農埸的興起對小農埸有何不利及對生態和經濟的影響。
FL21	『在對付野草問題上，一個可持續的農業是採取阻遏方式而不應是切底消滅它們。』請對上述論點加以討論。
FL1995Q7	天氣的極端變化常引致成農業災害效應。闡述一些天氣極端事件及其對農耕的影響。評述人類對這些災禍的應對措施和成效。

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工業景觀

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
IL1	Describe the main features of initial processing industries and use examples to illustrate their pattern of location.
IL2	Assess the value of various location theories in explaining the location of manufacturing industry today.
IL3	With reference to appropriate examples, explain the factors leading to concentration of industries. Describe the consequence of industrial concentration.
IL4	‘Location decision made by one firm can be quite critical to the success of another even when taken quite independently and without thought of the other.’ Discuss the influences of the other firms in location decision of an industry.
IL5	‘Weber’s stress on transportation was not matched by a realistic view of actual transport costs.’ Citing relevant examples, explain how transport costs in real world exercise influences on location of industry.
IL6	Referring to an example, discuss the factors which have led to the decline in industrial leadership of a region. What factors have contributed to the continued development of this region?
IL7	What is deindustrialization? With reference to Hong Kong, discuss what has led to this process? Suggest what should be done to alleviate the problems arising from deindustrialization.
IL8	‘Government always intervenes on industry to locate in places which it might otherwise avoid.’ Citing relevent examples, explain why and how national governments want to divert industrial activities to the less prosperous regions. Discuss the behavioural factors hindering industrialists from moving to these regions.
IL9	With reference to regional examples, explain how and why once in time, location of manufacturing industry was strongly tied to the energy source. How may technology change the bondages in location between industry and energy?
IL10	With reference to a specific industry in a country of your choice, discuss the declining role of raw materials in the location of the industry. What factors may lead to the renewed importance of raw materials?
IL11	Describe how agglomeration is established in Weber’s model of industrial location. With appropriate examples, evaluate the validity of the theoretical process in the real world.
IL12	‘The ongoing integration of the world market has led to a high degree of specialization in industrial production. The resulting relocation of industry leads to the formation of new industrial clusters as well as the break-up of already existing ones.’ Elaborate on the above statement and discuss the resistance against the extent of further economic integration.
IL13	Describe the influence of the institutional factor on the location of industries. To what extent is the institutional factor significant in the development of industries in countries of market economy? With reference to examples in Hong Kong, explain how the institutional factor has merged as an important location factor in the distribution of industries since 1950s?
IL15	一般人視90年代為「製造業死亡」的十年。香港大部分的工業從那時起將其生產基地轉移至內地。試述製造業的轉移對香港和內地會帶來哪些不良影響？舉出適當例子描述及解釋為甚麼資訊科技工業仍聚結在原地，評估制度因素影響資訊科技工業區位的相對重要性。
IL16 2006Q9	因為政府推行對製造業的不利政策，較發達國家的製造業被迫遷至欠發達國家。引用適當例子，說明較發達國家有那些不利製造業的政策。解釋為什麼一些較發達國家的工業仍然留在現有的區位。討論這些工業用甚麼策略去克服政府的不利政策。
IL17 2006Q8	成本最少化, 決策, 集團策略是現今決定工業區位的三大重要考慮因素。以一現代集團為例, 解析成本最少化如何幫助決定工廠區位。評估決策, 集團策略在選擇有關區位時的重要性。 (本答案以豐田汽車為案例。)
NotesIL Bangalore	筆記：工業景觀個案研習 Bangalore 班加羅爾：印度的矽谷 IT 工業在班加羅爾的發展和區位分析字數:5000 圖：5
NotesIL TNC	筆記：跨國公司國際直接投資區位聚集化的特點、原因及影響 -跨國企業進行外國直接投資的動機 -促成跨國企業發達的因素 -跨國企業的好處 -跨國企業的弊處字數： 7300 頁：8 圖： 1

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城市景觀

Essay ID	Questions	Buy
UL1	Outline the causes and impacts of low density urban sprawl in developed countries. Evaluate the arguments for and against such developments.
UL5	‘Central Place Theory is applicable only to explain the size and spacing of nodal points that specialize in selling goods and services to population in the hinterlands they served.’ With reference to examples, describe and explain the basis of central place theory and discuss how the statement above unveils one of the major weaknesses of the model.
UL6	Within a city there is a great deal of heterogeneity and differentiation among areas and neighborhoods. These attributes vary through time with the changing attitude of people when the city grows.’ Using residential regions of your choice as examples describe what changes have taken place and explain the causes of these changes.
UL7	How does Colin Clark’s model describe the spatial change in urban population density? Discuss the shortcomings in applying Clark’s model to describe changes in populating density of modern cities.
UL8	‘The purpose of urban renewal is to improve the quality of life of residents in the urban areas and optimize the use of urban land.’ Using Hong Kong as an example, describe the common problems confronting urban redevelopment and discuss their possible solutions.
UL9	Describe the vertical structure of heat island and how heat islands vary in their spatial form (shape) and temporal (related to time) characteristics. What effects heat islands could have on local atmosphere? What solutions have been suggested to reduce the heat island effect and why do they not always work?
UL10	Discuss the relationship between residential location and the distribution of industrial activities on a city. Support your arguments with actual examples.
UL11	Comment on the location, structure and function of the CBD in any one urban area you have studied.
UL12	With reference to an area of your choice, explain what is meant by the term ‘urban hierarchy’. Explain why population size is NOT a good indicator of a city’s position in a hierarchy.
UL13	Relationships between urban and rural areas are much more complex than can be captured in traditional models of central place hierarchies.’ Using specific examples, discuss the relations between cities and (a) the areas immediately surrounding them, (b) more distant areas both in the home country and outside it.
UL14	市區重建在推行時有甚麼困難？為甚麼『市區重健』比『重建』會是更佳的市區更新方法。試以香港為例，略述如何更有效推廣市區重健工作。
UL17	Describe Christaller’s principles concerning the range and the threshold of goods and services. Explain the influence of modern developments in transport and marketing on the range and threshold of service centers. Based on the Central Place Theory, discuss how these developments have affected the location and trade area of the different orders of service centers. Illustrate your answer with appropriate examples.
UL20 2006Q11	甚麼原因引致內城區的空氣質素變壞? 藉著城市規劃和運輸發展, 內城區的空氣質素可如何得到改善? 以一指定內城區為例, 評估這些改善措施的有效性。
UL21	緊湊城市是西方規劃學者針對城市可持續發展問題而提出的一種城市空間规劃模式。試介紹緊湊城市理念的定義、理論以及演變，並結合我國城市發展的實際問題，從若干方面探討緊湊城市對我國城市規劃的借鑒意義。

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